Why evolution gave us migraine
Why evolution gave us migraine
The genetic material in humans contains all the information needed to build and run our bodies. It is constantly changing. Throughout human history, this ongoing change has been a basic requirement for our ability to adapt again and again to new environments and ways of life.
Our genes can also make us more likely to develop certain medical conditions. Migraine is one of them. If a person has a genetic tendency to develop migraine attacks, this tendency is written into their DNA. For researchers, an interesting question is how this susceptibility to migraine found its way into our genetic makeup in the first place. And even more importantly, why it has survived so many generations of human evolution up to the present day. Why wasn’t the genetic tendency for migraine gradually removed during evolution, so that our species could live without the associated burden today?
Early migration routes: from the “the cradle of humankind” northwards
Large epidemiological studies show that migraine is more common in northern regions such as Europe and North America than in the southern parts of the world. Scientists have recently suggested an interesting explanation for this statistical connection, linked to the fact that our ancestors left their original homeland in Africa and migrated north to settle in new habitats.
Over the past 50,000 years, there have been many waves of migration from the warm regions of Africa and Asia into colder, mostly northern areas. Many migrants eventually settled in Europe and North America. Life in these new regions was often more difficult, especially because of the cold winters. The migrants brought one thing with them wherever they went: their DNA. The spread northwards is very likely to have been accompanied by genetic adaptations that helped early humans cope with lower temperatures and a new, harsher environment: this is what researchers believe today.
TRPM8: a major advantage in cold environments
Scientists from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig were also involved in the studies that uncovered this association. They focused on a specific human gene known as TRPM8, which stands for “transient receptor potential melastatin 8”. This gene provides the instructions for making a cold-sensing receptor that is involved in the perception of cold and helps regulate body temperature. For individuals with this trait, it was therefore much easier to settle in colder regions far from humanity’s African origins, greatly supporting the spread of humans across the globe. “The settlement of new habitats in Europe and Asia may have been linked to genetic changes that helped early humans adapt to lower temperatures”, says researcher Aida Andres from the Max Planck Institute.
The “cold gene” becomes more common
The researchers in Leipzig found that a particular variant of the TRPM8 gene has spread very successfully over the last 25,000 years. The further north people live, the more common this variant of the gene becomes. For example, only about 5% of people with Nigerian ancestry carry this genetic variant. The average annual temperature in Nigeria is around 28°C. In contrast, among people of Finnish ancestry (where the average annual temperature is around 6°C), the cold-adapted version of this genetic material is found in as many as 88% of the population.
One gene, two effects
The version of the gene that becomes increasingly common in northern regions, along higher latitudes, has long been linked to migraine headaches by researchers. More than one billion people worldwide are affected by migraine, although prevalence varies by region. Migraine is more common in Europe and the USA than in Africa or Asia. Researchers have also found that, for example, Americans of European ancestry have a higher risk of developing migraine than African Americans.
Researchers currently believe that this genetic variant evolved from its original form (which is still the most common form in Africa today) over the past 25,000 years. This supports the idea that adaptation to colder climates in early human populations may still influence how common migraine is in different parts of the world today.
Does the evolutionary trade-off still make sense?
During the northward migration of early humans, there must have been strong evolutionary pressure to cope with increasingly severe cold. As a result, the cold-adaptation gene that is linked to migraine became an important survival advantage. In evolutionary terms, the benefit of being able to live in colder climates far outweighed the drawback of an increased susceptibility to migraine attacks.
In today’s world, with its many civilisational advances, this balance between advantage and disadvantage has become much less clear – and may even have reversed. Unlike our ancestors, we have insulated, heated buildings, functional clothing, and many other ways to protect ourselves from the cold. The importance of the body’s own ability to cope with cold is decreasing, while the burden caused by migraine is becoming more significant. In addition, lifestyles today - especially in so-called Western countries - are shaped by many factors that promote the onset of migraine attacks. This means that a genetic predisposition to migraine is much more likely to result in severe migraine headaches today than in the lives led by our distant ancestors.
The future of research and the future of migraine
The exact reason for the link between sensitivity to cold and susceptibility to migraine is still not understood. Some evidence suggests that the TRPM8 receptor may play a role in how we process cold-related pain and other types of pain, but there is still much to uncover in this area.
The reality is: until evolution frees us from our genetic predisposition to migraines, we have to find ways to live with them. Unfortunately, we cannot simply turn off our susceptibility to migraine attacks, which is why it is so important to understand how this complex condition works, and which daily habits trigger it. This knowledge allows people to take control of their own headaches and reshape their routines for prevention as best they can – because waiting around for evolution to fix it for future generations is not the best plan.
Published: June 2026
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References
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Key FM, Abdul-Aziz MA, Mundry R, Peter BM, Sekar A, D'Amato M, Dennis MY, Schmidt JM, Andrés AM. Human local adaptation of the TRPM8 cold receptor along a latitudinal cline. PLoS Genet. 2018 May 3;14(5):e1007298. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007298. PMID: 29723195; PMCID: PMC5933706.
Lisicki M, Schoenen J. What is the evolutionary disadvantage of migraine? Cephalalgia. 2025 Apr;45(4):3331024251327361. doi: 10.1177/03331024251327361. Epub 2025 Apr 1. PMID: 40170397.
Robbins L, Tropp-Bluestone M. Evolution and Migraine. Headache. 2020 Jul;60(7):1432-1434. doi: 10.1111/head.13837. Epub 2020 Jun 8. PMID: 32510587.
Viganò A, Manica A, Di Piero V, Leonardi M. Did Going North Give Us Migraine? An Evolutionary Approach on Understanding Latitudinal Differences in Migraine Epidemiology. Headache. 2019 Apr;59(4):632-634. doi: 10.1111/head.13520. Epub 2019 Apr 7. PMID: 30957222; PMCID: PMC6519367.
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